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Volume 14 No. 2 Spring/Summer 2004 |
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Volume 14 No. 2 Spring/Summer 2004 |
Sue Bigelow, City of Vancouver Archives
April 20-23, 2004
San Antonio, Texas
This organization has a number of conferences throughout every year which address a different aspect of imaging science. This was their first conference on archiving, and the full program and abstracts may be found here: http://www.imaging.org/conferences/archiving2004/. There were about 150 delegates, nearly all from large institutions such as national archives and libraries from various countries, major universities, and corporations. A working group on Preservation and Policy in the Digital Culture was established at the conference.
There were three days of papers in plenary sessions, and one full day of tutorials which were focussed 2-4 hour classes of 10-15 participants. An interactive poster session began with a "Gong Show"-style oral presentation, wherein each author was given precisely 90 seconds to summarize their poster, and was followed by two hours of informal discussion with the authors in the poster room. In addition, there was an evening lecture by Dusan Stulik of the Getty Conservation Institute on Niepce and the technical examination of the first photograph. Few papers concerned traditional hard-copy media; most were on digital topics. The papers were published as preprints and are available for sale here: http://www.imaging.org/store/physpub.cfm?seriesid=28&pubid=593
I attended the lectures and five of the tutorials, which are too many presentations to review individually. Following are summaries of the proceedings, some taken from individual lectures, and others arranged thematically.
The PDF file is attractive as a preservation file format, as it is widely adopted, presents the original appearance of a document consistently, is text-searchable, is platform independent, and may easily be read with free software (1). Although Adobe owns the copyright, they have kept the PDF file specification -- http://partners.adobe.com/asn/tech/pdf/specifications.jsp -- as open as possible, allowing anyone to write software to create PDF. PDF currently exists as several backward-compatible versions, and as defined ISO standards designed for specific user groups. For instance, the ISO standard PDF/X is used by the prepress printing industry, and PDF/E is being developed for engineering drawings.
PDF/A is being developed as a standard for long-term preservation, and the expectation is that it will become a standard in early 2005 (2). In its final form, it will be a subset of PDF based on version 1.4, with some features mandatory, some allowed but not required, and some excluded. This standard may be expanded in the future to include other types of content which are now excluded, such as multi-media.
The current draft of the standard may be found here under "Documents for Review and Comment". http://www.aiim.org/standards.asp?ID=25013
Generalized, some of the specifications are:
After the dinosaur jokes stopped, and once we found out what this meant to the security of our data, nobody laughed. Steganography is the science of concealing data inside other data. Until now this has been used for digital signatures, covert communications, or hiding digital watermarks in image files. The signature could be detected using verification software, communications could be detected only by the intended recipient, and the watermarks can be detected only by the watermark company. None can be seen by anyone viewing the file normally on a monitor. The disturbing advance in this technology is that executable files may now be hidden. This allows viruses to be hidden inside image, audio and video files. Anti-virus software will not detect these viruses until the file has been opened, and then it is too late.
Researchers at the University of Texas at San Antonio have been trying to create steganalysis software (3). Ideally, a digital archives would analyse files before ingest, and the software would separate the 'good' (watermarks) from the 'bad' (viruses) stego files, then clean the viruses from the infected files. Cleaning files is not difficult; detecting the stego is the hard work. Currently, no such software exists. When it does, it will have to be proprietary, as open source software would be a gift to malicious hackers.
Some researchers are concerned with building a more robust stego rather than with its detection. Research is being done into the problem of concealing digital watermarks within image files in such a way that the watermark will not interfere with any future manipulation of the file that might be necessary (4), such as converting to a new file format. Stego data hidden using transform-based steganography is less likely to be detected and to be altered when the image is manipulated.
Several papers mentioned the need for public education. If archives will be acquiring digital objects from public donors, it is in our best interest that the donors know how to take care of these objects and collect the appropriate metadata. If consumer demand exists, industry will create the tools and services to gather metadata automatically, and to migrate and manage files. The most entertaining view of this topic was from two employees of Harvard University Library (5), who attempted to interest the public in digital preservation. They stood in Harvard Yard, on Kiksteps, proselytizing for the cause of digital preservation. They surveyed customers in a camera store to determine their level of knowledge of digital preservation.
They also made the point that accurate metadata is essential, but in memorable ways. They illustrated that "it is easier to bake a pie from a recipe that to make a recipe for a pie", and gave an example of a 'pie' that had to be reverse engineered to create the recipe: The BBC Domesday Book. This was a project undertaken by the BBC to make a modern-day Domesday Book by collecting information about Britain in 1986, and storing this on videodisc. By 2002, it was nearly impossible to read the discs, and the data structure had to be deciphered in order to preserve the contents. The original parchment Domesday Book from 1086 remains in very good condition in the National Archives. For more on the Domesday Book project: http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue36/tna/
The complete paper and PowerPoint presentation, as well as nine preservation tips, may be found at: http://ois.harvard.edu/~lee/preservation/
This file format could become the new standard for master files in image digitization programs. Only Part 1 (the core, file extension JP2 or JPG2) of 12 proposed parts has been published as a standard so far. The drawbacks to immediate implementation are that the format is so new that there are few tools available, viewers are not yet standard within browsers, and specialized software is required to take advantage of the special scalability features of this format. Widespread adoption is eventually expected; the software should be on its way. Proprietary issues will not impede the adoption of the core standard, as it is available royalty- and licence-free. Here is one freeware viewer: http://www.irfanview.com/ .
Despite the similarity in name, JPEG 2000 is very different from the ubiquitous 'baseline' JPEG (6). Baseline JPEG is compressed using a discrete cosine transform (DCT), whereas JPEG2000 uses wavelet compression. The use of wavelets allows much greater compression of images before a loss of quality is noticeable. With baseline JPEG, a highly-compressed file appears blocky, while a highly-compressed JPEG 2000 image appears to smear or soften in appearance, so that even when compression artifacts become visible they are more subtle. Colour rendition remains excellent in compressed JP2 files.
The format is only available in compressed form, at two compression levels: lossless, which would be suitable for master files, and lossy, which would be preferred for access files. Files served on the web could be very small but of very high quality. In fact, with JPEG2000, it is possible to extract different renditions from the same file. One file could supply a low-quality image suitable for download to a PDA, and an image suitable for web browsing, and an image of very high quality. The images may also be displayed in different sizes, with information taken from just one file, so that a thumbnail and a larger web image could be supplied from the same file.
JPEG 2000 can handle very large files and high bit depth, both of which are becoming more common in archival digitization programs. It also supports XML metadata, presently based on the DIG35 standard for digital cameras, which unfortunately does not contain all the metadata elements desired for scanner-based digitization. Dublin Core metadata could also be used. It is possible to turn existing TIFF files into JP2 files, and extract the metadata from a database and insert it into the file using a script.
Part 3 of the standard is called Motion JPEG 2000 (MJ2) which is suitable for video digitization.
The standard: http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg2000/
An implementation, using specialized server software (7): http://charlesolson.uconn.edu/Works_in_the_Collection/Melville_Project/browse.cfm
Eastman Kodak studied the endpoint of useful print life from a consumer's point of view (8). Currently, most fading studies are interested in determining how long a colour print may be exposed to light before noticeable fading occurs, allowing institutions to pull prints from display before damage is evident. That endpoint is measured using a densitometer. Kodak's study asked average consumers (not curators!) to evaluate the appearance of a variety of types of colour photographs which showed a range of fading, and to assign to each, one of six categories from "completely acceptable" to "completely unacceptable". They considered the point at which the photographs were thought to be 'just unacceptable' to be the consumer endpoint, and at this point the photographs had faded very noticeably, to a point which would be completely unacceptable for an exhibiting institution. It is possible that future fade testing by researchers outside industry will produce both archival and consumer endpoints.
The U.S. Government Printing Office has traditionally distributed government publications by mail and through a system of 1250 depository libraries throughout the U.S. and its territories. The publications are now also distributed as both ASCII and PDF files through the web site GPO Access: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/. Documents available include the Congressional Record, bills before Congress, the Federal Register, and public and private laws. The GPO plans to attach digital signatures and digital watermarks to the PDF versions of these files so that they may still be verified as authentic when they have been distributed beyond the GPO web site (9). A file containing the digital signature may be verified by anyone using a free software tool. The digital watermark is used for verification when the file has been printed. It is invisible, but can be seen using a relatively inexpensive machine, and will be viewable by this machine even when photocopied many times. Neither the signature nor the watermark will be verifiable if the file has been altered in any way. It is likely that the depository libraries will house the machines and provide free verification. The GPO has registered as a source for digital signatures, and will start the process of signing documents soon.
InterPARES -- http://www.interpares.org/ -- presented a poster on the problem of preserving digital signatures in the long term (10). Digital signatures are encoded using public key/private key cryptography. The message (document to be signed) is altered using one algorithm (the hash function) to create a hash result which is unique to that message. The hash result and the public key are used to create the digital signature, so that the signature is unique to that document. The public key and private key are related mathematically by a second algorithm. Their effectiveness relies on the fact that it is not possible, given today's computational power, to derive that algorithm and compute a private key from a known public key.
InterPARES posits that at some time in the future, this will no longer be true, so the private key and hash function could be computed and a signature forged. It is also possible that the software used to create and verify the signature will not endure. The signature could be used for verification within a certain time frame -- probably many years -- and thus would be useful for document distribution as planned at the U.S G.P.O. The signature could not be guaranteed to authenticate the document as evidence for long-term archival purposes.
The presence of a digital signature should not interfere with the preservation of the digital document, but preservation of a signed digital document will be very difficult. Any alteration of the file (to migrate to another format, to insert metadata) will invalidate the digital signature. If the document were migrated to an enduring, standard format (perhaps PDF/A) before signing, it would be less likely to require alteration. InterPARES continues to investigate questions surrounding digital signatures as part of InterPARES 2.
Tools to Automate Digital Preservation
Global Digital Format Registry (11) - http://hul.harvard.edu/gdfr/
There are many different file formats now in existence, in multiple versions, and new ones will continue to be defined. Although a MIME type registry now exists, it does not give information in sufficient detail to be useful for digital archives. For example, TIFF/IT, TIFF/EP and GeoTIFF are all defined by MIME as image/tiff. The MIME type registry does not allow for automated interaction, but with huge volumes of files to process, archives will require services to be fully- or semi-automated.
The Global Digital Format Registry (GDFR) will provide both detailed data on file formats, and automated services. It should be useful in the following cases (bullets quoted from http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla69/papers/128e-Abrams_Seaman.pdf ):
The GDFR is being planned and the ad-hoc GDFR working group is seeking funding to develop a plan for a permanent registry. A proof-of-concept model, FRED (Format Registry Demonstrator) is under development. So far, it has data on PDF, TIFF and XML. No services are yet available. http://tom.library.upenn.edu/fred/
JHove (12)
JHove (JSTOR/Harvard Object Validation Environment) is a tool for the identification, validation and characterization of digital objects. It is available free for download, and is written as a Java application, useable on Unix, Windows or OS/X platforms. Separate modules have been created to process each basic type of file; so far 8 have been created, based on the types of files that Harvard was taking into its digital archive (TIFF, GIF, JPEG, PDF, XML, etc). More modules are in development.
JHove may be used in the OAIS model to help create the Submission Information Package and validate objects during ingest. JHove reports the object's Representation Information, output as either text or XML. Much more information is available at: http://hul.harvard.edu/jhove/jhove.html
Dmart (13)
Dmart is another tool developed by the Harvard University Library. It is a desktop application which automates the production of metadata for digital audio files. Basic, repeated metadata (such as ownership) may be entered once into a configuration file. Metadata is kept in an associated XML file, using the Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS). http://hul.harvard.edu/ois/systems/drs/dmart/current/
DocMorph and MyMorph (14)
DocMorph is a free service that has been provided by the National Library of Medicine since May 1999. Using a web-based interface, users can convert over 50 types of files to PDF or TIFF, split a multi-page TIFF into single pages, extract text from a file using OCR, or even have text converted to synthesized speech. The files are uploaded to the DocMorph server, and the converted files are delivered within one minute.
http://docmorph.nlm.nih.gov/docmorph/
The NLM discovered that there were users who found the web interface too slow. For many people, the time taken to find the file, upload it, wait for the conversion, then download the result to the client computer was too long. MyMorph was created in 2002 to speed the process. MyMorph is a free program that is downloaded to the client computer and replaces the web interface. It only provides one type of conversion, to PDF, but many files may be converted at once, and it automatically uploads the original file and downloads the converted file. The MyMorph software is not a stand-alone conversion tool: it accesses the DocMorph servers. This allows the latest conversion algorithm to be instantly available to all users. The NLM would like MyMorph and DocMorph to be able to convert files to the upcoming PDF/A standard next.
http://docmorph.nlm.nih.gov/docmorph/MyMorph.htm
Metadata for Still Images (15)
While it is agreed that it is important to collect complete metadata during digitization, it is expensive to do so manually. "Automatic Exposure" is an initiative of the Research Libraries Group which is working toward the automation of the acquisition of technical metadata in two ways. First, the initiative will discuss with manufacturers of scanners and digital cameras how their products might capture technical metadata. Second, it will examine existing or new technologies for harvesting metadata to see if they may be applied in a cultural heritage context.
http://www.rlg.org/en/page.php?Page_ID=2661
NISO Z39.87-2002 was released in June 2002 as a draft standard for trial use. This standard describes a set of 111 metadata elements, 33 of which are mandatory (or mandatory if applicable). Presently, existing metadata may be captured automatically by scanners or cameras using the TIFF 6.0 file header tags, the EXIF 2.2 tags, and DIG35, which is part of the JPEG2000 file metadata. When compared to the Z39.87 draft standard, these three specifications have perhaps half the metadata elements overall. Ideally, capture devices should record all of the Z39.87 elements automatically, or make manual recording simple and quick.
http://www.niso.org/standards/standard_detail.cfm?std_id=731
Adobe XMP (Extensible Metadata Platform) is free, open-source technology which can be included in many software products. It extracts metadata, creates an "XMP packet" of metadata described in XML, and inserts this packet into the file without affecting the integrity of the file. The XMP allows users to define custom metadata element sets, so it will accommodate Z39.87. XMP is already supported in 10 Adobe applications including Photoshop 7.0 and Acrobat 5.0
http://www.adobe.com/products/xmp/main.html
Appraisal and DspaceTM
The School of Information, University of Texas at Austin (UT-SI), is archiving its own web site (16). Appraisal decisions may be applied to the protocols used by the automated "web-crawler" harvesting software, so that only the desired files are collected. For instance, pages containing proprietary software were not collected due to copyright considerations, and newsletters which were entirely available in hard copy were excluded. The private directories containing personal student and faculty pages were collected but access is restricted due to privacy and copyright concerns. The web site is harvested three times per year or if redesigned, and certain pages, such News and Events which are updated monthly, are collected more frequently.
DspaceTM open-source software is being used to manage the repository. DspaceTM has been viewed as inadequate for archival collections because of its lack of hierarchical structure. This is being addressed and an alternate structure is in development. Access to the UT-SI collections is by web browser. Restricted access is managed by use of passwords. Plans for future preservation of the web sites are to use metadata to identify file formats which are becoming obsolescent, to migrate them to readable formats, and to store both the original and the newer, accessible version.
Web Site Access
The Library of Congress is collecting web-based materials as part of the MINERVA Project (17). http://www.loc.gov/minerva/ Access to these collections has been through Wayback Machine software, a version of which is held by the Library. Not satisfied with the search capability of the Wayback software, which provides access through use of the URL only, the Library looked for better discovery methods. They catalogued each site using Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS) and have created an interface that offers both browsing and searching. An example is the Election 2002 Web Archive, http://lcweb4.loc.gov/elect2002/.
Metadata for 3D Web Images (18)
Three-dimensional web images are defined as those which can be navigated by rotating, zooming and which may move around the screen. For examples, see http://www.nature.ca/discover/3dcntr/3dcntr_ani_e.cfm and download the models on the left. 3D images are becoming more prevalent on the web. Popular for educational sites (as above), they are now found on retail web sites, where the customer can inspect the merchandise fully by rotating and zooming in for a closer look.
These images pose a new metadata challenge. There are many file formats and 40 different viewers now in use and more features being offered as companies improve their technology, so the digital objects themselves are not precisely defined. Three metadata schema -- Dublin Core, Visual Resources Association and Art Museum Image Consortium (AMICO) -- were evaluated as suitable models. Dublin Core was the best fo the three, but requires customization beyond the basic elements. The four critical metadata elements were thought to be file forma, viewers, creator and resolution/voxels.
Some people think that digital archiving is -- or should be -- easy, fun and inexpensive. My Life Bits -- http://www.research.microsoft.com/barc/MediaPresence/MyLifeBits.aspx -- is an experiment in creating an ongoing archive of a person's life (19). All of one's personal records, ephemera, artworks, photographs and books both written and read are digitized. Commercial video and CD collections are included; even telephone conversations may be digitized. A personal camera - CARPE, Continuous Archival and Retrieval of Personal Experiences -- may be worn as headgear. It takes photographs of whatever is happening at regular intervals, or can record continuous video, even to record every television show watched by the wearer. There will be a CARPE workshop this October: http://research.microsoft.com/CARPE2004/CARPE2004CFP.pdf For a presentation on My Life Bits, explaining how all the data is to be retrievable, see http://www.mis.atr.co.jp/uem2003/WScontents/dr.gemmell.html
The Smithsonian has had a cold storage facility for photographs since 1982, with active control of relative humidity (20). In a case study on the planning and implementation of this type of storage, the importance of budget development, siting, layout, fire codes, security and the development of standard retrieval procedures was emphasized.
The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley, has stored their collection of 70,000 cellulose nitrate negatives in a new facility (21). Explosion-proof upright freezers house the negatives, which are packaged using the Critical Moisture Indicator method to control humidity. The freezers are contained within a structure with a two-hour firewall retrofitted in an offsite location, with water sprinklers and an active ventilation system. The construction cost was $380,000 US.
The Corbis-Bettman Archive, owned by Bill Gates, consists of 3 million photographs, in a variety of black and white and colour processes. It is being moved into an underground, fully climate-controlled vault in order to stop its deterioration (22). During the move from an old building in New York City to the Iron Mountain/National Underground Vital Records Facility in Pennsylvania, the vault temperature will be 7.2°C. After the move has been completed, the temperature will be lowered to -20°C. The relative humidity will be actively controlled, and will remain a constant 35%. Storage at this extremely low temperature has been estimated to add approximately 2,000 years to the life of the colour materials beyond the expected life when stored at refrigerated temperatures. For more, see: http://www.wilhelm-research.com/subzero.html
For those of us with smaller budgets than Bill Gates, there is a cheaper alternative. Frozen storage can be achieved by storing photographs in sealed cabinets within an ordinary walk-in freezer (23). Mat board and silica gel provide passive control of the relative humidity. See http://www.wilhelm-research.com/subzero.html for various articles. This system is in use at the City of Vancouver Archives and is described, along with other cold storage methods for photographs, in the new publication from the Canadian Council of Archives: http://www.cdncouncilarchives.ca/presinfo.html
LOCKSS (24)
Stanford University is developing the LOCKSS (Lots Of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) system as an inexpensive way to preserve web-based academic journals. It utilises hard disks for many reasons. They are considered to be the cheapest storage and backup medium when the savings of automated audit and repair of the copies is taken into account; they are robust; they have a high data density; they are expected to expand in capacity and decrease in price; and they can be used simultaneously as both storage and access media.
The LOCKSS system connects hard disks belonging to multiple libraries through a secure peer-to-peer network. The system collects content by crawling academic publisher's web sites (with their permission), it makes that content accessible to browsers, and preserves the content by the bitstream to the other copies of the same bitstream in order to verify its integrity and repair errors. The loss of an entire hard drive may be restored through the network. Ultimately, the content will be migrated from the old file formats to new ones. After four years of development, eighty libraries throughout the world are partners in this project. http://lockss.stanford.edu/
Distarnet (25)
Distarnet is a strategy for preservation of digital content based on the replication of resources within participating institutions. It is similar to LOCKSS in that it involves redundant storage utilising peer-to-peer connections. In the Distarnet plan, a number of institutions agree to collaborate. Ideally, they should be geographically separated. Each institution has enough storage capacity for the digital files required by all the institutions, and this storage constitutes a 'node' in the system. When an institution puts information onto its storage, that information is copied onto the nodes of the other institutions. The information is sent using the Distarnet protocol, which is a peer-to-peer system based on Internet protocols. Data privacy is ensured by the use of public key /private key encryption. If one node is lost due to some catastrophic event, it may be rebuilt from the information at the other nodes. The proof of concept has been successful but there has not been a larger implementation.
http://www.distarnet.ch/
UVC
In the Universal Virtual Computer (26) (UVC, or Universal Virtual Machine) method of digital preservation, the original bitstream is archived along with a decoding program that is written to interpret that bitstream on standard UVC software. In the future, it is intended that the UVC software will still exist and run, and therefore the bitstream will be readable. Archivists will have to build an interpreter for the UVC so that it will run on future machines, but will not have to migrate all their files, or build emulators for every existing software. Proponents of this system believe that it will entail far less work than migration or emulation and that rendering of the original file should be closer to the original intent.
The Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB, National Library of the Netherlands) is using the UVC system for the digitized images in its e-Depot deposit service (27), which is a repository for electronic publications. A decoding program has been developed for JPEG and one for TIFF is planned. They would prefer to develop a decoder for PDF files but that is much more complicated so they are starting with JPEG and can convert PDF files to JPEG for future rendering if necessary. This work is still considered experimental.
http://www.kb.nl/kb/resources/frameset_kb.html?/kb/menu/ken-arch-en.html
VERS (28)
The Victorian Electronic Records Strategy (VERS) is a system that has been created to preserve the records of the Victorian State Government for the long term. So far, it has been applied to e-mail and word-processing documents, with plans to scale the system to include other types of records. The proof-of-concept project was completed in 1998, and a pilot in the Department of Infrastructure has been successful. A large digital archive has been planned and funded and will be built over the next year, so that broader implementation may be achieved.
The VERS standard involves the conversion of records to an appropriate preservation file format of either TIFF or a clearly-defined version of PDF which resembles PDF/A. The converted file and the original bitstream are bundled with XML metadata. Finally, a digital signature is attached to the bundle as a guarantee of integrity and authenticity. The resultant product is known as a VERS Encapsulated Object (VEO).
The major lessons learned in the planning and deployment of the pilot were discussed. Although it is legally mandated that digital records transferred to the Public Records Office of Victoria must conform to the VERS standard, those overseeing the program are still concerned with making VERS fit into the business structure of government offices, in making the process as simple and automated as possible for the users, and in being able to provide the users with files in a useful format.
http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/vers/
JSTOR (29)
JSTOR is an electronic archive of academic journals. It has been centralized to eliminate the need for individual libraries to create the infrastructure to preserve these publications; costs are shared by supporting institutions. The importance of redundancy in preservation is recognized, and it is planned that multiple copies of the archive will exist.
The approach that JSTOR is taking to preserve journals involves several separate initiatives. As many journals are still published in both print and electronic editions, JSTOR is working with libraries to ensure the preservation of geographically-separated, non-use copies of the print editions. JSTOR also digitizes paper editions to create electronic access to the information, having converted over 13.4 million pages to both images and ASCII files. The digital archive itself requires a preservation strategy, which is being addressed by their E-Archive, an entity separate from JSTOR.
Preservation of born-digital journals is complicated by the multitude of formats used for publishing; the variety of other associated content, such as audio, video or dynamic content; and the need for the functionality of links and searches. Research into system design and the development of a business model is underway. A discussion of the critical components for any digital archive, which would be of interest to any institution contemplating this objective, concluded the paper.
http://www.jstor.org/
There were many more presentations and posters. A few glimpses:
The Cybercemetery (30), the final resting place for defunct web sites. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/
Minds of Carolina (31), a project to preserve the unpublished papers of faculty at the University of North Carolina. http://www.ibiblio.org/minds/
Digital Consulting and Production Services (32), through which Cornell University Library has become a digitization resource for the entire university. http://dcaps.library.cornell.edu/
As a result of the success of this conference, a second one is being planned for next year, probably in the Washington, D.C. area.
Notes
Unless otherwise stated, notes refer to papers or posters published in Final Program and Proceedings of IS&T's 2004 Archiving Conference, The Society for Imaging Science and Technology, Springfield, VA, 2004.
1. James King, Introduction to the Insides of PDF, Tutorial T6 delivered at IS&T Archiving Conference.
2. Stephen L. Abrams, Stephen P. Levenson, PDF/A: An Electronic Document File Format for Long-Term Preservation.
3. Sos S. Agaian, Benjamin M. Rodriguez and Ronnie R. Sifuentes, Steganaysis Using n-Pixel Comparison.
4. Eric A. Silva, The Best Transform in the Replacement Coefficients and the Size of the Payload Relationship Sense.
5. Sue Kriegsman and Lee Mandell, Digital Archiving Without Preservation is Just Storage: Education is the First Step to Achieving Preservation Goals.
6. Robert Buckley, JPEG-2000 for Image Archiving, Tutorial T7 delivered at IS&T 2004 Archiving Conference.
7. James S. Janosky, Rutherford W. Witthus, Using JPEG2000 for Enhanced Preservation and Web Access of Digital Archives - A Case Study.
8. David J. Oldfield and John Paul Twist, Assessment of the Current Light-Fade End-Point Metrics Used in the Determination of Print Life: Part II.
9. Judy Russell, Preservation and Authentication of Government Information: Are We Ready for the 21st Century?
10. Jean-François Blanchette, The Digital Signature Dilemma: To Preserve or not to Preserve.
11. Stephen L. Abrams, David Seaman, Global Digital Format Registry.
12. Stephen Chapman, Stephen L. Abrams, Steering Resources to Safe-Harbour Repositories: The need for Reliable, Accurate and Affordable Ingest Services.
13. Ibid.
14. Frank L. Walker and George R. Thoma, A Web-Based Paradigm for File Migration.
15. Günter Waibel and Robin L. Dale, Automatic Exposure: Capturing Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images.
16. Anne Marie Donovan, Maria Esteva, Patricia Galloway, Addy Sonder, and Sue Trombley, Archival Appraisal, Websites and DspaceTM.
17. Abigail M. Grotke, Creating Access Points to Thematic Web Collections.
18. Elise Lewis, Recommendations for Metadata Standards for 3D Images on the Web.
19. Gordon Bell, Jim Gemmel and Roger Leuder, Some Implications of Storing Everything Personal.
20. James H. Wallace, Jr, A Case Study - Twenty Years Experience at the Smithsonian Institution: The Planning and Operation of a Cold Storage Facility for Photographs.
21. Loren C. Pignolo, Low-Temperature Storage of Nitrate Still Film: A Case Study and Model.
22. Henry Wilhelm, High-Security, Sub-Zero Cold Storage for the PERMANENT Preservation of the Corbis-Bettman Archive Photograph Collection.
23. Mark McCormick-Goodhart and Henry Wilhelm, The Design and Operation of a Passive Humidity-Controlled Cold Storage Vault Using Conventional Freezer Technology and Moisture-Sealed Cabinets.
24. David S.H. Rosenthal, Mema Roussopoulos, TJ Giuli, Petros Maniatis, Mary Baker, Using Hard Disks for Digital Preservation.
25. Lukas Rosenthaler and Rudolf Gschwind, DISTARNET - A Distributed Archival Network.
26. Raymond A. Lorie, Preserving Digital Documents for the Long-Term
27. Hilde van Wijngaarden, Erik Ottmans, Digital Preservation and Permanent Access: The UVC for Images
28. Howard Quenault, VERS: Building a Digital Record Heritage.
29. Eileen Gifford Fenton, Preserving Content: A Case Study of a Multi-Faceted Approach.
30. Cathy Nelson Hartman, The Cybercemetery: Prolonging Usable Afterlife.
31. Helen R. Tibbo and Paul Jones, Minds of Carolina.
32. Oya R. Rieger, Implementing a Digital Imaging and Archiving Program: Technology Meets Reality.
Attendance at the Society for Imaging Science and Technology Archiving Conference and Tutorials was funded by The Canadian Council of Archives Professional Development and Training Program, and the City of Vancouver Archives
© 2004 Archives Association of British Columbia
